Subject(s)
Humans , Cucumis sativus/microbiology , Disease Outbreaks , Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Food Contamination , Food Microbiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/epidemiology , Global Health , Compensation and Redress , Conflict, Psychological , Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections/transmission , Europe/epidemiology , European Union , Health Policy , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology , Internationality , Latin America , SpainABSTRACT
Se describen y analizan dos iniciativas de cooperación en salud pública en las cuales participan representantes de la sociedad civil, la academia, el sector público y sector privado de las Américas. Una de ellas -el Diálogo Multipartito- promueve la aproximación intersectorial en su más amplio concepto, mientras que la otra -el Foro de Socios- si bien representa una iniciativa institucional, asigna mayor atención a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Ambas constituyen un llamado a la acción para los gobiernos y ofrecen alternativas para enfrentar más efectivamente los problemas de la salud regional.
Two cooperative public health initiatives involving representatives of civil society, academia, and the public and private sectors of the Americas are described and analyzed. One of them-the Multipartite Dialogue-promotes an intersectoral approach in its broadest sense, and the other-the Partners Forum-while it represents an institutional initiative, pays particular attention to chronic noncommunicable diseases. Both are a call to action for governments and offer alternatives to tackle regional health problems more effectively.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Interdisciplinary Communication , International Cooperation , Public Health , Global Health , Government Agencies , Interinstitutional Relations , Latin America , Pan American Health Organization , Private Sector , Public Sector , Universities , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
For the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), technical cooperation (TC) is the process by which teh PAHO Member States work with the Organization, as equal partners, to identify and reach their own health goals and to promote self-sufficiency in health development, through programs that respond to those countries' needs and national priorities. Since 1978, PAHO has used the American Regional Planning, Programming, Monitoring, and Evaluation System (AMPES) to establish management procedures and to facilitate decision-making in health TC. As part of AMPES, PAHO uses a "logical approach to project management" to structure the work program of the Organization and to identify the expected results from TC activities and TC resource investments. This project management approach, which replaces the "functional approaches" system used to date, also helps establish a causative relationship between the programmed activities and the results that PAHO expects, and between the activities and the hoped-for outcomes in the countries. As part of an ongoing process of rethinking international health TC, several years ago PAHO began a four-phase study on the usefulness and validity of functional approaches and on the need to propose new ones or to modify existing ones. The results of the initial phase showed it was difficult to classify the activities because the functional approaches categories were not mutually exclusive and the TC activities were complex. Further, the expected results did not specify the product for which the PAHO Secretariat was accountable within a certain time frame nor the Secretariat's level of responsibililty. Thus, a new and more flexible classification of expected results was proposed, with the following categories: cooperation networks and alliances; surveillance and information systems; standards and guidelines; research and evaluation studies; plans, projects, and policies; methods, models, and technologies; training programs; promotional campaigns and advocacy; and direct support. In the second phase of the study, it was concluded that the proposed classification system made it possible to more precisely identify the products of PAHO technical cooperation projects, the Organization's degree of responsibility, and the bases for estimating needed resources. The new system could also facilitate monitoring and evaluation. In addition, the third pahse of analyzing the functional approaches has begun. Its objective is to evaluate the effect of technical cooperation based on the changes incorporated in the programming of activities
Subject(s)
Technical Cooperation , Pan American Health Organization , AmericasABSTRACT
Se hace un breve análisis acerca de la situación en la que actualmente se encuentra los Sistemas Nacionales de Salud en Canadá, Chile, Costa Rica, Estados Unidos y México. El libro contiene los siguientes capítulos: I. Introducción II. Los Sistemas Nacionales de Salud III. Canadá: Antecedentes IV. Chile: Antecedentes V. Costa Rica: Semblanza socioeconómica VI. Estados Unidos: Anatomía del Sistema Nacional de Salud VII. México: Antecedentes